Security

Robert J. Fischer , ... David C. Walters , in Introduction to Security (10th Edition), 2019

Brand Protection

Counterfeiting has become a problem for multinational companies, especially those with a recognizable brand. Make no fault, the human activity of counterfeiting is universally held to exist a criminal offense throughout the globe. Counterfeiters know that brand is important in a consumer's choice, and therefore target companies with a recognizable make in the marketplace. In short, they look to duplicate or produce simulated products of companies who operate with high margins and high product run rates, and generally target products that are relatively easy to indistinguishable. The World Customs Organization (WCO) estimates that five%–10% of all global merchandise is apocryphal. Fifty-fifty more alarming, the Earth Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 10% of all medicines are counterfeit [19].

In the federal sector, for example, a 2007 written report estimated that xxx out of every meg $100 bills are fakes. The National Research Council believes that even low-skilled amateurs will be able to duplicate our electric current currency. The United states Treasury at present incorporates complex starburst patterns that copies cannot duplicate. Other suggestions include inks that alter color as they are exposed to diverse temperatures [twenty]. Regardless of the sector, counterfeiting of all types is big business organization. Information technology is predicted that this illegal enterprise will go along to abound because information technology is generally much more than assisting than dealing in drugs, and much less risky.

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Protecting Commercial and Institutional Critical Infrastructure

Philip P. Purpura , in Security and Loss Prevention (6th Edition), 2013

Counterfeiting

Counterfeiting is the unlawful duplication of something valuable in gild to deceive. Counterfeit items tin include money, coupons, credit or debit cards, apparel, and jewelry. Here, the emphasis is counterfeit money. The U.Due south. Hugger-mugger Service investigates this federal criminal offence.

Persons who recognize that they have counterfeit money will not exist reimbursed when they give it to the Secret Service. Because of this potential loss, many people knowingly pass the artificial money to others. The extended chain of custody from the counterfeiter to authorities causes peachy difficulty during investigations.

Counterfeiting is a growing problem because of the newer color copier machines, scanners, computers, and laser printers that are in widespread use. The best method to reduce this type of loss is through the ability to recognize counterfeit money, and an first-class style to do this is to compare a suspect bill with a genuine bill. The U.Southward. government has countered counterfeiting through a diverseness of security features on bills. One should look for the red and blue fibers that are scattered throughout a genuine bill. These fibers are curved, virtually ane/4 inch long, hair sparse, and difficult to produce on artificial bills. Other security features on 18-carat bills are a security thread embedded in the beak running vertically to the left of the Federal Reserve seal, microprinting on the rim of the portrait, a watermark (hold the pecker upward to light to see the faint paradigm similar to the portrait), and color-shifting ink (tilt the bill repeatedly to see shifting ink color).

Watch for $ane bills that take counterfeit higher denomination numbers glued over the lower denomination numbers. Also, compare suspect coins with genuine coins.

Another technique is the bleaching of a real, lower denomination bill (to wash away the ink), followed by placing the bare nib on a printer to utilise a higher denomination bill. This method of counterfeiting may defeat the use of counterfeit detector pens used past cashiers considering the pens react to starch in paper past showing a black marking. However, genuine bills are actually cloth and devoid of starch; the pen will create a golden marking.

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Counterfeiting in Cryptocurrency

Ralph E. McKinneyJr., ... Dale H. Shao , in Handbook of Digital Currency, 2015

8.5 The global anticounterfeiting initiative

Although the counterfeiting of money has been traditionally associated with the use of fraudulent currencies in the conquering of goods and services ( Newman, 1958), counterfeiting globally includes goods and services on a massive scale; only not all governments recognize every "currency" including cryptocurrencies. Moreover, the term cryptocurrency may not be used to identify the conceptual framework surrounding the idealism of this fiscal musical instrument. For case, the U.s.a. predominately uses the term virtual currency to draw a convertible security that is digital and has the properties of a fiscal medium (FinCEN, 2013). In some cases, digital currency and e-greenbacks are used for like concepts (McKinney et al., 2015). Definitions are critically of import when considering the globalization of commercial and private transactions. As such, it is of import to understand the meanings behind the terminology and so that common ground (a foundation that is familiar among all parties) is established (Keysar et al., 2000). This is more important when users of cryptocurrencies assert rights of ownership or claim legal protections from criminal activities such as counterfeiting.

In an try to protect currencies from counterfeiting, the League of Nations established the Protocol to the International Convention for the Suppression of Counterfeiting Currency on April 20, 1929 (Grandi, 2004). Essentially, this protocol promotes uniformity in counterfeiting laws and includes provisions for alleged counterfeiters to exist extradited to face judicial proceedings within the charging country. Consequently, not all countries have ratified this agreement and some countries have ratified only selected portions of the protocol. After the League of Nations dissolved, this protocol was adopted by the Un and its overall application to cryptocurrency cannot be assured.

The Un Office on Drugs and Crime (2014) has expressed a number of concerns about virtual currencies: anonymous transactions, the ability for police force enforcement to identify that a transaction has occurred, and the power to transfer large amounts of stored value without government oversight. These concerns revolve around criminal behaviors associated with money laundering activities, and non necessarily in counterfeiting, which are part of the greater goals of the United Nations in promoting a standard in electronic commerce. Office of this standard is the solution in recognizing that information technology will take international cooperative efforts to identify the property rights that cryptocurrencies should and volition have.

Even though currency counterfeiting does degrade a currency's use equally a medium of exchange (McKinney et al., 2015), the sheer volume of counterfeit products and goods being produced is then cracking that it has caused a shift from enforcing of counterfeit currency to reducing instances of counterfeit appurtenances and pirated products (OECD, 2008). Counterfeit and pirated products—a rather extensive list from luxury items, such equally designer clothing and jewelry, to items affecting health and safety such as food, protective sporting gear, and pharmaceutical products—are being produced and consumed in well-nigh every country. In 2005, the price of counterfeited and pirated products in international trade is estimated to exceed $200 billion USD (OECD, 2008, p. thirteen). If all counterfeit and pirated products produced and consumed were included, this global total is estimated to exceed $650 billion USD (€477 billion) (INTA, 2014). As a result, several global initiatives accept targeted counterfeiting from the perspective of international laws and agreements and the employment of technology.

The International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL) is maybe ane of the nearly well-known global networks employed to combat crime, including currency counterfeiting (INTERPOL, 2014). The INTERPOL is composed of 190 member countries working together on cross-edge investigations and providing forensic support, operational assistance, and technical databases to combat currency counterfeiting worldwide. Each member country maintains a National Central Agency (NCB) staffed by law enforcement officers. The INTERPOL coordinates efforts amidst official law enforcement agencies, such as the Usa Cloak-and-dagger Service and Europol, with international organizations and key banks, such as the European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF), European Primal Bank (ECB), the US Federal Reserve Depository financial institution (FRB), and the Cardinal Bank Counterfeit Deterrence Grouping (CBCDG), and with private industries.

In recognition that counterfeiting has advanced with technology into the digital loonshit every bit bear witness of the emergence of cryptocurrencies, the INTERPOL will cohost the second Annual INTERPOL-Europol Cybercrime Briefing in Oct 2014 (Europol, 2014). I of Europol's primary duties is enforcing anticounterfeiting laws against the euro. With the theme Cybercrime Investigations: The Full Cycle, this briefing focuses on enhancing global cooperation on cybercrime prevention and detection, investigation techniques, search and seizure, forensics, and prosecution and trial. In fact, Europol held discussions in June 2014 on the criminal exploitation of virtual currencies (Europol, 2014), which is in line with Kohlman and Bijou's (2013) assertion that more than resources need to be defended to cyberspace and the deterrence of illicit activities in that realm.

Equally a fellow member of the INTERPOL, the United states has a vested interest in protecting its dollar against counterfeiting acts. While the national framework does non directly outlaw the counterfeiting of virtual currencies, it does outlaw securities and electric current coin (McKinney et al., 2015). Consequently, the legal standing of virtual currencies has not been yet fully defined. Guidance has been given to the executive co-operative of government past FinCEN virtually the treatment of virtual currencies, but the judiciary and the Congress are deliberating these issues separately. Moreover, this argue may be settled one cryptocurrency at a fourth dimension. Meanwhile, the void in federal deportment shifts the responsibility to each state and only about xvi% take such regulatory dominance over virtual currency.

The act of crypto-counterfeiting has not been fully addressed by governments and legislation. In fact, much of the efforts focus on the transmission and transference in ownership between parties and the prevention of undercover financial transactions (Lisina and Sorokin, 2013). Thus, the prevention of crypto-counterfeiting relies on the issues of the financial instrument itself.

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The Mechanism-Design Approach to Monetary Theory

Neil Wallace , in Handbook of Budgetary Economics, 2010

4 Imperfect Recognizability and Uniform Currency

Despite the benefit of private currencies just identified, nosotros nearly always discover uniform currencies. There are many possible reasons. I that potentially fits within our machinery-blueprint framework is recognizability problems with many distinct currencies. Such problems could take a variety of forms. Here, I consider the threat of counterfeiting.

In the context of the earlier model, suppose some n people accept a costly counterfeiting technology. At any stage 2, they can produce counterfeits subject area to a positive fixed cost and a constant marginal toll. In stage 1 meetings, suppose producers cannot distinguish between genuine currency and counterfeits until after they larn the currency. So they learn whether they accept caused 18-carat currency or counterfeits.

There are two conceivable kinds of allocations in these circumstances. In one, counterfeits are produced and known counterfeits and genuine currency are perfect substitutes. Even if this kind of allotment is implementable, it has obvious welfare shortcomings. Bated from the costs of counterfeiting, it is identical to one without counterfeiting, only in which the genuine currencies of the potential counterfeiters are treated every bit perfect substitutes with other currencies. In such an allocation, those north people never produce and they issue currency period after menses, imposing costs on others.

The other kind of resource allotment is one in which known counterfeits are less valuable than genuine currency. Here, there is asymmetric data between the producer and the consumer in a pairwise meeting: the consumer knows whether he or she has genuine or counterfeit currency and the producer does not. Any such allocation is either a pooling allocation or a separating allocation. A separating allocation in which counterfeiting actually occurs hardly fits our notion of counterfeiting, because producers end upward accepting known counterfeits. Hence, nearly analyses focus on pooling allocations.

However, because in that location is no standard notion of the cadre under asymmetric data, all existing analyses prefer a particular game grade in these situations. The well-nigh common is a signaling-game framework in which buyers brand take-it-or-get out-it offers. In the context of such a game, Nosal and Wallace (2007) showed that imposition of the Cho-Kreps intuitive criterion rules out pooling with counterfeiting. The diffusive offer that destroys a pooling equilibrium has the consumer with 18-carat currency offering a smaller trade —less currency for less output — and has the producer inferring from this offer that the consumer has 18-carat currency.

Given that no counterfeiting occurs in equilibrium, what are the possibilities for equilibria? That depends on other aspects of beliefs virtually out-of-equilibrium deportment. Nosal and Wallace (2007) implicitly causeless if there is no counterfeiting in equilibrium, then any offer of currency at stage ane is an offer of genuine currency. They, therefore, conclude that an equilibrium in which 18-carat currency is valuable and no counterfeiting occurs exists merely if counterfeiting is more costly than the value of currency in the absenteeism of a counterfeiting threat. Otherwise, the only equilibrium is autarky. Even so, as pointed out by Li and Rocheteau (2009), another out-of-equilibrium belief is possible. They consider an equilibrium in which the value of genuine currency in trades is small-scale plenty to make counterfeiting unprofitable. That equilibrium is supported by the belief that an out-of-equilibrium offering of whatever larger amount of currency comes from a counterfeiter.

Both analyses conclude that counterfeiting is a serious threat. Hence, an implication of their analyses is that in that location should be sufficient enforcement to brand counterfeiting a very costly activity. That implication takes us in the direction of a single uniform currency if we assume, as seems plausible, that the prevention of counterfeiting is much easier with a single uniform currency than with many singled-out individual currencies. 6

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Dolce & Assistant, A Shanzhai Creator'southward Manual: product and consumption of fake in contemporary Chinese art practices

Karen Tam , in The Changing Landscape of Communist china's Consumerism, 2014

Shanzhai spirit – creativity and innovation

Through counterfeiting, mimicry, and appropriation shanzhai culture operates every bit a survival tactic – an economic tool for resistance to the corruption of corporate and governmental ability; a form of grassroots activism ( Lin, 2011: 58). Whereas the production of fakes and knock-offs is intended to defraud and deceive, shanzhai culture is upfront about its imitation and its fakery. This 'secret' economy non only generates huge revenues but leads to innovative products and creations in the Chinese market.

When the Communist Party took over in 1949, many entrepreneurs fled to Hong Kong to start new businesses and shanzhai was the term used in the late 1940s and 1950s to refer to local imitations of their products (Lin, 2011: three). Shanzhai work units were composed of three to five workers of the same family unit who made unauthorized goods to sell, and the term somewhen encompassed bootleg and apocryphal products too. Shanzhai now refers to anything unofficial and unregulated and its products reflect and meet the tastes and needs of their consumers. They may be imitations of famous brands offered at lower prices and sometimes with more features. For example, Shanzhai cell phones or copy jail cell phones are functional imitations of popular foreign brands manufactured in Cathay. Yet because they are locally made, they tin offering mash-upwards features such as models with seven speakers for Chinese farmers to leave on the perimeters of their fields and still hear them, or with LED lights which can be used as a flashlight. Equally migrant workers prefer cheap cell phones to the expensive make proper name ones, shanzhai creators make huge profits as they practice not have to submit to standard product testing or pay taxes, advertizing costs, or enquiry and development costs. Despite this, Lin notes that 'in some cases, the shanzhai version was constitute not inferior to the real one' (2011: 18).

Production of shanzhai products runs parallel to the booming consign industries and factories in the Pearl River delta region, especially in cities similar Shenzhen and Dongguan, and has expanded to include shanzhai cars and consumer electronics like digital cameras and flat screen televisions. Shanzhai workshops or copycat studios proliferate, developing not just prison cell phones but also software applications and pseudo-iPads using reverse engineering every bit a method of counterfeiting. By going beyond simple copying of make proper name models, the shanzhai manufacture is answering local needs and desires through the innovation and pattern of genuinely new models.

Amid the benefits of shanzhai culture are the creative possibilities constitute in such innovation, and the subtract in price of products such as cell phones which has made otherwise unattainable luxury products more attainable and affordable to a growing consumer base of operations of lower-income customers. Many such products are sold openly, with ads suggesting that ownership Chinese products is patriotic since the consumer volition be enjoying what the brands accept to offer without providing profits to strange companies (Gerth, 2010: 153). The shanzhai miracle has gained a level of social credence counterfeits practice not savor. It is seen as a grassroots culture whose outputs are creative appropriations that enable the democratization of engineering science, and whose producers are grassroots entrepreneurs who take advantage of technology and loopholes in IPR laws to create their own brands and innovate from the originals.

Interestingly, the pirate goods themselves are non allowed from being shanzhai-ed – in that location are even fakes of successful shanzhai brands. Furthermore, in some other twist of shanzhai culture, Droog Lab, the experimental arm of the Dutch design collective Studio Droog, plays with the notion of the re-create with their projection, The New Original – a collection of 26 works of copies of Chinese objects in Guangzhou, all produced in Shenzhen, with the intent of copying China'due south manner of operation. The Droog project suggests and demonstrates that the processes of copying and fake are more than than mere replication, where minor adaptations are made to the originals, and tin exist seen as 'a real commuter in innovation' (Studio Droog, northward.d.). Pieces included modifications on archetype Chinese teapots and vases, and a miniature Chinese restaurant set within a fishtank, thus inverting reality.

This opens up many questions. When is copying products from other manufacturers illegal and when is it innovation? Are copies of paintings still artwork forgeries if they are whole creations or meaning alterations of existing artworks? Are those who make them forgers, copyists, appropriators? In his much cited essay, 'The work of art in the historic period of mechanical reproduction', Walter Benjamin recognizes that although a piece of work of art has ever been reproducible, from imitations and replicas of manmade artefacts to copies of original works past masters, the aura of a work of art is associated with its originality and uniqueness and the decay of aura occurs with the advent of modernistic reproductive technologies and the reproducibility of a work of art through mechanical means (Benjamin, 2000: 323). In order for the concept of authenticity to be, i needs that of the original. Nevertheless peradventure in an age of simulated reality with an space number of reproductions (technical and electronic), the re-create itself should exist considered legitimate and an authentic work of art, despite the knowledge that it is a copy. The original work of art (or product in our discussion here) may be used to sell its reproductions, but the copies themselves continuously add together to the aura and authenticity of their original. Ironically, shanzhai products backbite monetary value from brands just at the same time preserve and add to their 'aura', 'actuality', and value. If we follow Stanley-Baker's telephone call to appreciate forgeries as works in their own right and as documentation of the evolution of images and works of fine art, and apply it to shanzhai culture in lodge to see the evolution of products and product designs, we can begin to understand how minor innovations and DIY hacks can pb to an exciting new culture based on a new model of 'created in Prc'.

The Chinese authorities's attitude towards shanzhai is ambivalent, Lin citing one official defining it as theft and a violation of IP rights, while others come across it as an opportunity to innovate (Lin, 2011: 23). Civilization and creativity tin be office of what Michael Keane terms China's 'great new spring forward' and the want and process to move from a 'made in Mainland china' model (a characterization which many consumers connect with cheap knock-offs) to a 'created in Prc' model would engender just such creativity and innovation over time (Keane, 2006: 286). Using a definition of inventiveness that privileges utility over aesthetics, he looks at how it can contribute to the economical evolution and consign success of China (Keane, 2006: 286). Outsourcing production is unremarkably associated with manufacturing, just does occur in the creative industries (e.thousand., Chinese animation and painting 'factories'). The low cost of its location, resources, and labour gives Prc its edge, but limits creativity and innovation equally only labour is required in the outsourcing. What Keane sees as a basic problem with such production and its accompanying model of 'designed in the West, made in Mainland china' is that 'China gains little from the intellectual property generated' too as any associated value (Keane, 2006: 291). The costs of supporting enquiry and evolution, creating incubating centres (for Chinese success), financing, producing, and distributing original content are high, whereas copying and imitating requires minimal reproduction costs. Keane believes that for Mainland china to compete in the global cultural economy and to become known for high-value production, structural changes are needed including 'a combination of marketplace correction, advisable intellectual property models and policy liberalization over time' (Keane, 2006: 291).

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Tobacco - Harm Minimisation

K.G. Cummings , R.J. O'Connor , in International Encyclopedia of Public Wellness, 2008

Licensing and product tracking

Governments have attempted to limit smuggling and counterfeiting of tobacco products by creating licensing systems for manufacturers, distributors, and retailers and implementing systems to runway the distribution of tobacco products from manufacturers to consumers. Increasingly, countries are adopting strong antismuggling policies that include mark cigarettes to allow amend tracking and identification of smuggled products, mandatory licensing of all parties involved in cigarette distribution, chain-of-custody recordkeeping to allow for tracking of cigarettes from the factory to the final country of auction, and the elimination of duty-complimentary sales, which has in the by served every bit a major source of smuggled cigarettes. Regional agreements between countries, such as those governing the European union, have begun to evolve on issues like taxation and systems for tracking the distribution of tobacco products and then as to reduce incentives for smuggling and counterfeiting. In the United States, credit menu companies and major private shippers accept recently agreed to not accept charges for cigarettes from Internet retailers, and to non evangelize cigarettes to individuals, in an try to stem the flow of low-taxed and apocryphal cigarettes.

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Pharmaceutical Parallel Trade: Legal, Policy, and Economic Bug

P. Kanavos , O. Wouters , in Encyclopedia of Health Economics, 2014

Rubber and quality of parallel traded products

The demand to repackage some parallel traded medicines increases the take chances of counterfeiting. From a regulatory perspective, parallel distributors are obliged to notify the drug regulator in the destination country, every bit well equally the originator manufacturer, of whatsoever changes made to the relevant product to obtain an import license for a item shipment of the product; this makes them liable in case at that place is tampering with the medicines and counterfeits enter the distribution chain. For example, thousands of packs of 3 parallel traded counterfeit medicines entering the UK supply chain were recently recalled. The counterfeit medicines were manufactured in Mainland china and entered the European union in Grand duchy of luxembourg, where they were resold, without beingness checked, to U.k. and Belgian wholesalers. As the drugs entered Luxembourg as 'transit' goods, they were exempt from the checks that would otherwise apply.

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Investigation: Concepts and Practices for Security Professionals

Brian D. Baker , ... Robert Metscher , in The Professional Protection Officeholder (2nd Edition), 2010

Liaison

In many, if not nearly, cases, investigative efforts are undertaken in cooperation with other organizations. A uncomplicated case is counterfeiting. The problem is discovered past a teller or cashier who notices a doubtable bill of currency. The teller or cashier contacts a managing director and/or the security professional person on duty. Adjacent, the local police force are involved, and, in this instance, the counterfeit currency becomes an investigation by the US Underground Service (responsible for investigation of counterfeit money).

Another example would be an accident in a parking lot. Security professionals and facilities managers would be involved. If there are injuries, local emergency medical services and police force are called. In the wake of the accident, at that place may be an investigation past an insurance visitor. Many investigations involve more one organization with different goals; yet, the security professional person'southward goal is to cooperate and to facilitate good communications.

In order to exist effective, liaison with other organizations must be adult and maintained. Security professionals may find the nearly important relationships depend on the nature or function of the arrangement. Those working in a health care surround may become closely connected with emergency medical and paramedic crews, whereas a fiscal organization may be more than involved with external insurance adjusters and investigators. Whenever facility protection is a mission, maintaining constructive liaison with local police force and infrastructure protection professionals is extremely critical. These relationships may be personal through face to face contact, or they may exist through professional organizations such every bit local ASIS International chapters, or local task forces and educational groups.

During the development phase of liaison, it is important for the security professional to understand the function and authority (or lack of authorization) that an outside system has. For example, a government bureau conducting an investigation may have a higher need for sure information than would an insurance investigator for a private visitor, who is investigating a single individual or incident.

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Types of Investigations

In The Official CHFI Study Guide (Exam 312-49), 2007

Laws Related to Trademark and Copyright

Earlier your exam, ensure that y'all are familiar with the post-obit U.S. federal statutes:

U.S. Title eighteen, Part i, Affiliate 25—Counterfeiting and Forgery:

www4.police force.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscodel8/usc_sup_01_18_10_I_20_47.html

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§ 497: Letters Patent

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§ 1030 Fraud and related activeness in connectedness with computers

The states. Title eighteen, Part 1, Chapter 47—Fraud and Fake Statements:

www4.police.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscodel8/usc_sup_01_18_10_I_20_47.html

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§ 1030 Fraud and related activeness in connexion with computers

U.South. Championship eighteen, Part 1, Chapter 63—Postal service Fraud:

world wide web.law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode18/usc_sup_01_18_10_I_20_63.html

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§ 1341: Frauds and Swindles

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§ 1343: Fraud by Wire, Radio, or Television

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§ 1361 Injury to regime property

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§ 1362 Government advice systems

U.South. Title eighteen, Part 1, Chapter ninety – Protection of Trade Secrets:

www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode18/usc_sup_01_18_10_I_20_90notes.html

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18 UsC. 1831 Economical Espionage Act

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18 United states of americaC. 1832 Theft of trade secrets

US. Title 18, Part 1, Chapter 113 – Stolen Belongings:

www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode18/usc_sup_01_18_10_I_20_113.html

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§ 2319A: Unauthorized Fixation of and Trafficking in Sound Recordings and Music Videos of Live Musical Performances

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§ 2320: Trafficking in Apocryphal Appurtenances or Services

U.S. Title 18, Role 1, Chapter 119 – Stolen Property:

www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode18/usc_sup_01_18_10_I_20_119.html

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§ 2512: Industry, Distribution, Possession, and Advertising of Wire, Oral, or Electronic Communication-Intercepting Devices Prohibited

U.S. Championship 47, Affiliate five, Sub-Chapter V-A – Part 4 – Miscellaneous Provisions:

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www4.police force.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode47/usc_sup_01_47_10_5_20_V-A_30_IV.html

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§ 553: Unauthorized Reception of Cable Service

U.S. Championship 47, Chapter 5, Sub-Chapter Vi – Role IV – Miscellaneous Provisions:

www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode47/usc_sup_01_47_10_5_20_VI.html

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§ 605: Unauthorized Publication or Use of Communications

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Introduction

K. Paul Pandian , in RFID for Libraries, 2010

RFID markets

The electric current RFID market remains driven past loftier book applications such as security/admission control, contactless payment, ticketing, library management, anti-counterfeiting/authentication, ID documents (passports, national ID, etc.), item-level tagging, and creature identification ( Liard and Carlaw, 2009).

The global industry for RFID technology has been steadily growing for the past few years, and is expected to selection up stride before stabilizing and settling on a steady growth path. As well, the market is greatly benefitting from the excitement related to mandates, entry of new players, re-positioning of some organizations as RFID-focused, new product and service launches, technology advances, standards evolution, partnerships and alliances, mergers and acquisitions, and full general market awareness (Liard and Carlaw, 2009).

According to the new research study, 'Global RFID Market Analysis till 2010,' the RFID market is set to abound at a rate of around 28 per cent in the period 2010–13. It is found that the current economic crunch across the globe will not stall the global RFID marketplace, only the marketplace growth is expected to slowdown to around one third in 2009 as compared to the growth reported in previous years. It is also plant that Asia-Pacific will witness the highest growth in RFID revenue owing to the rapid adoption of RFID applications in several countries, including China, India, Republic of korea, Taiwan, and Thailand (RNCOS, 2009).

In 2009, IDTechEx found that the value of the unabridged RFID market would be $5.56 billion, up from $v.25 billion in 2008. This includes tags, readers, and software/services for RFID cards, labels, fobs, and all other form factors. The majority of this spend would be on RFID cards and their associated services – totaling $ii.99 billion. The market for RFID is growing and a big corporeality of this value is due to government-led RFID schemes, such as those for transportation, national ID (contactless cards and passports), armed forces, and animal tagging. In total, 2.35 billion tags would exist sold in 2009 versus i.97 billion in 2008; 1.74 billion in 2006; and 1.02 billion in 2005 (Das and Harrop, 2009). The IDTechEx study provides some more data every bit depicted in Figure i.9.

Figure one.9. RFID markets

 Source: Das and Harrop (2006).

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